An integrated biodesulfurization process,including inoculum preparation,desulfurization and sulfate removal in a single step,for removing sulfur from oils

BACKGROUND: A single‐stage reactor, in which the growth of bacterial culture, induction of desulfurizing enzymes, and desulfurization reaction are carried out in a single step, was adopted to investigate desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) at high cell densities. Rhodococcus erythropolis, IGTS8 was used as the biocatalyst. Optimal conditions for bacterial growth and DBT desulfurization were investigated. RESULTS: Optimization of fermentation conditions was necessary to obtain high cell densities including controlling accumulation of acetate. Under optimal operating conditions, the maximum optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) was measured to be 26.6 at 118 h of cultivation. When biodesulfurization of DBT in model oil with a high cell density culture of IGTS8 was investigated, accumulation of sulfate was found to limit the extent of desulfurization. A sulfate removal step was added to obtain a single‐stage integrated biodesulfurization process. Sulfate removal was achieved via an aqueous bleed stream and use of a separation unit to recycle the organic phase. CONCLUSION: A proof of principle of a complete system capable of biocatalyst growth, induction, desulfurization and by‐product separation was demonstrated. This system enables simplification of the biodesulfurization process and has potential to lower the operating cost of the bioprocess. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

利用贫软锰矿制备锰盐的研究

用二氧化硫法处理贫软锰矿，得到含硫酸锰和连二硫酸锰的溶液，继而将该溶液进行净化，除杂，浓缩，结晶处理即得工业级硫酸锰，结晶母液用碳铵沉淀即得碳酸锰产品     

不连续增强镁基复合材料的界面行为

综述了近年来国内外关于Ａｌ２Ｏ３短纤维、ＳｉＣ晶须、ＳｉＣ颗粒、Ｂ４Ｃ颗粒增强镁基复合材料的界面结构及其对复合材料性能影响的研究进展，并对今后的研究提出了一些看法。     

Solubilization of unilamellar liposomes by betaine-type zwitterionic/anionic surfactant systems

The mechanisms governing the solubilizing interactions between zwitterionic/anionic mixed surfactant systems at different molar fractions of the zwitterionic surfactant (X_zwitter) and neutral or electrically charged unilamellar liposomes were investigated. The mixed systems were formed by N-dodecyl-N,N-dimethylbetaine and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of piperazine-1,4-bis-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) buffer at pH 7.20. Unilamellar liposomes formed by egg phosphatidylcholine, in some cases together with stearylamine or phosphatidic acid, were used. Solubilization was detected as a decrease in static light-scattering of liposomes. Two parameters were regarded as corresponding to the effective surfactant/lipid molar ratios (Re) at which the surfactant system (i) saturated the liposomes, Re_sat, and (ii) led to a total solubilization of liposomes, Re_sol. From these parameters the bilayer/aqueous medium surfactant partition coefficients for the saturation (K_sat) and complete bilayer solubilization (K_sol) were determined. When X_zwitter was 0.40, The Re and K parameters showed a maximum, whereas the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of these systems exhibited a minimum, regardless of the electrical charge of bilayers. Given that the ability of the surfactant systems to saturate or solubilize liposomes is inversely related to the Re_sat and Re_sol parameters, these capacities appear to be directly correlated with the CMC of the mixed systems. The similarity of both K_sat and K_sol (particularly for X_zwitter=0.2–0.8) suggests that a similar partition equilibrium governs both the saturation and the complete solubilization of bilayers, the free surfactant concentration (S_a,S_b), remaining almost constant with similar values to the CMC for each mixed system studied.     

察尔汗盐湖镁资源的开发及展望

察尔汗盐湖不仅具有丰富的镁资源，而且具有开发盐湖的能源，政策优势，由脱水氯化镁可制得多种镁产品。氯化镁脱水技术，氯化镁制金属镁技术是综合开发盐湖水镁资源的关键技术，将纳米技术应用于盐湖镁资源的开发，使镁产品高值化，精细化，将是察尔汗盐湖镁资源的开发方向。     

The distribution of nutrient elements in cell wall and other fractions of the herbage of some grasses and legumes

The distribution of 10 nutrient elements was assessed in three fractions of herbage samples of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, white clover and lucerne. The cell wall fraction, prepared by mechanical disintegration of undried material, contained the following proportions of the total herbage content of the major elements: N, 2.9–16.4%; P, 3.0–6.9%; S, 3.6–17.2%; Ca, 11.3–51.8%; Mg. 6.4–27.6% and K, 0.1–1.7%. Substantial though more variable proportions of the trace element cations, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were also present in the cell wall fraction. The extent to which the elements were soluble in water was assessed by analysis of the water-insoluble fraction prepared from freeze-dried samples of each herbage. The proportions of the total herbage content of the major elements soluble in water were: N, 30–57%; P, 80–92%; S, 35–71%; Ca, 48–69%; Mg. 65–83% and K, 90–96%. With the trace element cations the proportions soluble in water were more variable, though they were generally less than 70% of the total. The extent to which the various elements were soluble in 80% aqueous ethanol was assessed by analysis of the insoluble fraction prepared from freeze-dried materials. With each of the major elements, smaller proportions of the total herbage content were soluble in 80% ethanol than in water, which may reflect in part the lower solubility of proteins and pectin. With the trace element cations, the differences in solubility between 80% ethanol and water were generally small and inconsistent.     

磷酸镁水泥制备试验研究

基于水工建筑物的应急抢险与快速修补加固处理的需要,运用常规的水泥凝结时间、强度等基本性能试验,研究各材料组成对磷酸镁水泥性能的影响,确定磷酸镁水泥配方,并对不同粒径砂土的磷酸镁水泥砂浆水胶比、养护条件、强度等进行了试验研究。结果表明,硼砂是磷酸镁水泥的有效缓凝剂;氧化镁细度对水泥性能有明显影响,氧化镁越细水泥早期强度越高,但细度过细凝结时间将难以满足施工要求;磷酸镁水泥配方为:P/M值1∶3,硼砂掺量10%,氧化镁细度宜为195 m~2/kg左右;磷酸镁水泥砂浆抗压强度与胶水比具有线性相关性,与龄期呈对数关系;水中养护与标准养护相比,抗压强度降低约6%～27%,磷酸盐水泥在长期水下环境中的适用性需论证。研究成果可为水工建筑物的应急抢险与快速修补加固处理提供参考和依据。     

硫酸盐含量对全固废材料固化盐渍土抗压强度的影响

为探讨硫酸盐含量对全固废材料固化盐渍土抗压强度及微观结构的影响,采用击实试验和无侧限抗压强度试验,并结合扫描电镜、EDS、X射线衍射和热重分析等微观测试结果,从固化盐渍土的火山灰反应产物及其数量等角度分析含盐量对固化盐渍土抗压强度变化的影响。结果表明:硫酸盐含量低于2.7%时,固化盐渍土抗压强度随含盐量的增加呈先增大后减小,抗压强度峰值对应的含盐量为1.8%;固化盐渍土的火山灰反应产物主要为C-S-H和AFt,硫酸盐含量从0.3%增至1.8%时,反应产物明显增多,致使固化土抗压强度增大;但当硫酸盐含量从1.8%增至2.7%时,膨胀性AFt将试件内部孔隙完全填充并产生胀裂破坏,造成抗压强度降低。研究成果为全固废材料固化硫酸盐渍土的工程应用奠定了基础,对环境保护也有积极贡献。     

Single amino acid substitutions can further increase the stability of a thermophilic L-lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenases are of considerable interest as stereospecificcatalysts in the chemical preparation of enantiomerically pure-hydroxyacid synthons. For such applications in synthetic organicchemistry it would be desirable to have enzymes which tolerateelevated temperatures for prolonged reaction times, to increaseproductivity and to extend then applicability to poor substrates.Here, two examples are reported of significant thermostabilizations,induced by sitedirected mutagenesis, of an already thermostableprotein, the L-lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27 [EC] , 35 kDa permonomer subunit) from Bacillus stearothermophilus. Thermal inactivationof this enzyme is accompanied by irreversible unfolding of thenative protein structure. The replacement of Argl71 by Tyr stabilizesthe enzyme against thermal inactivation and unfolding. Thisstabilizing effect appears to be based on improved interactionsbetween the subunits in the core of the active dimeric or tetramericforms of the enzyme. The thermal stability of L-lactate dehydrogenasevariants with an active site Arg residue, either in the 171(wild-type) or in the 102 position, is further increased bysulfate ions. The two stabilizing effects are additive, as foundfor the Argl71Tyr/ Gln1O2Arg double mutant, for which the stabilityof the protein in 100 mM sulfate solution reaches that of L-lactatedehydrogenases from extreme thermophiles. All mutant proteinsretain significant catalytic activity, both in the presenceand absence of stnhilfoing salts, and are viable catalysts inpreparative scale reactions.     

阻燃型氢氧化镁制备及其影响因素探讨

以七水硫酸镁为原料、氨水为沉淀剂、选择适宜的表面活性剂。以样品XRD图中（001）面与（101）面衍射峰的相对强弱为考察指标，通过单因素实验，分别考察了反应温度、恒温反应时间、陈化时间、表面活性剂用量及氨镁摩尔比等因素对氢氧化镁样品XRD图中（001）面与（101）面衍射峰相对强弱的影响。实验结果表明，制备阻燃氩氧化镁较适宜的工艺条件为：反应温度40℃、恒温反应时间40min、陈化时间120min、表面活性剂A体积用量4ml、氨镁摩尔比6：1.